Peringatan Keamanan

Patients experiencing an overdose may present with nausea, vomiting, inhibition of GI tract motility, increased blood pressure and heart rate, and decreased serum potassium.L7634,L7637,L7640,L7643 Phentolamine may be given to control blood pressure.L7634,L7637,L7640,L7643 Treatment of glucagon overdose is largely symptomatic for nausea, vomiting, and hypokalemia.^L7637

The LD₅₀ for intravenous glucagon in mice is 300mg/kg and in rats is 38.6mg/kg.^L7637

Glucagon

DB00040

biotech approved

Deskripsi

Glucagon is a 29 amino acid hormone used as a diagnostic aid in radiologic exams to temporarily inhibit the movement of the gastrointestinal tract and to treat severe hypoglycemia.L7634,L7637,L7640,L7643,L8519 Glucagon raises blood sugar through activation of hepatic glucagon receptors, stimulating glycogenolysis and the release of glucose.L7640,L7643

Glucagon was granted FDA approval on 14 November 1960.^L7631

Struktur Molekul 2D

Struktur tidak tersedia

Peta Jejaring Molekuler

Obat Target Gen Interaksi Enzim Transporter Carrier

Legenda: Obat • Target • Gen • Enzim • (Panah → menunjukkan arah efek / relasi) • Transporter • Carrier

1. Pendahuluan & Konsep

Fitur visualisasi ini dikembangkan menggunakan pendekatan Graph Theory untuk memetakan hubungan polifarmasi dan molekuler. Entitas (Obat, Target, Gen) direpresentasikan sebagai Simpul (Nodes), sedangkan hubungan biologisnya sebagai Sisi (Edges).

2. Sumber Data (Validasi)

Data Obat: Diekstraksi dari elemen drugbank-id dan name pada skema XML DrugBank.
Target Protein: Diambil dari elemen targets/target yang memuat polipeptida sasaran.
Genetik: Disinkronisasi dari sub-elemen gene-name dan varian snp-effects.
Genetik: Jumlah titik node dibatasi pada maksimal 10 (Slice=10) interaksi untuk menghindari tumpukan data.

3. Algoritma Visualisasi

Tata letak grafik menggunakan algoritma Force-Directed Graph (Barnes-Hut). Model fisika ini menerapkan gaya tolak-menolak antar simpul (Gravitasi: -3000) agar tidak tumpang tindih, serta gaya pegas (Spring: 0.04) pada garis penghubung untuk fleksibilitas interaksi.

4. Legenda Visual

Obat Utama (Pusat Analisis)

Target Protein (Mekanisme)

Gen (Faktor Genetik)

Metode ini mendukung analisis Precision Medicine dan evaluasi risiko Drug-Drug Interaction (DDI).

Profil Farmakokinetik

Waktu Paruh (Half-Life) The half life of glucagon is 26 minutes for an intramuscular dose.[L7634] The half life of glucagon nasal powder is approximately 35 minutes.[L7643] The half life of glucagon by a subcutaneous auto-injector or pre-filled syringe is 32 minutes.[L8519]

Volume Distribusi The volume of distribution of glucagon is 0.25L/kg.[L7637] The apparent volume of distribution is 885L.[L7643]

Klirens (Clearance) A 1mg intravenous dose of glucagon has a clearance of 13.5mL/min/kg.[L7637]

Absorpsi

A 1mg intravenous dose of glucagon reaches a C_max of 7.9ng/mL with a T_max of 20 minutes.^L7637 An intramuscular dose reaches a C_max of 6.9ng/mL with a T_max of 13 minutes.^L7637 A 3mg dose of glucagon nasal powder reaches a C_max of 6130pg/mL with a T_max of 15 minutes.^L7643

Metabolisme

Glucagon is a protein and so it is metabolized into smaller polypeptides and amino acids in the liver, kidney, and plasma.L7634,L7643

Rute Eliminasi

Elimination of glucagon is not fully characterized in literature, however the kidney and liver appear to contribute significantly in animal models.^A181649 The liver and kidney are responsible for approximately 30% of glucagon elimination each.^L7658

Interaksi Obat

188 Data

Tramadol	Tramadol may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Trospium	Trospium may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Oxyphenonium	Oxyphenonium may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Benzatropine	Benzatropine may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Ziprasidone	Ziprasidone may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Disopyramide	Disopyramide may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Amitriptyline	Amitriptyline may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Ipratropium	Ipratropium may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Olanzapine	Olanzapine may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Metixene	Metixene may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Terfenadine	Terfenadine may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Buclizine	Buclizine may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Clozapine	Clozapine may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Doxylamine	Doxylamine may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Trihexyphenidyl	Trihexyphenidyl may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Oxyphencyclimine	Oxyphencyclimine may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Procyclidine	Procyclidine may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Profenamine	Profenamine may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Promazine	Promazine may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Hyoscyamine	Hyoscyamine may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Cyproheptadine	Cyproheptadine may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Imipramine	Imipramine may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Methscopolamine bromide	Methscopolamine bromide may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Chlorpromazine	Chlorpromazine may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Gallamine triethiodide	Gallamine triethiodide may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Darifenacin	Darifenacin may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Tridihexethyl	Tridihexethyl may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Triflupromazine	Triflupromazine may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Anisotropine methylbromide	Anisotropine methylbromide may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Nortriptyline	Nortriptyline may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Amoxapine	Amoxapine may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Atropine	Atropine may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Nicardipine	Nicardipine may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Pirenzepine	Pirenzepine may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Paroxetine	Paroxetine may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Homatropine methylbromide	Homatropine methylbromide may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Rocuronium	Rocuronium may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Scopolamine	Scopolamine may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Benzquinamide	Benzquinamide may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Clidinium	Clidinium may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Propiomazine	Propiomazine may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Propantheline	Propantheline may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Dicyclomine	Dicyclomine may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Biperiden	Biperiden may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Brompheniramine	Brompheniramine may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Flupentixol	Flupentixol may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Cocaine	Cocaine may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Quinidine	Quinidine may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Maprotiline	Maprotiline may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Methantheline	Methantheline may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Cycrimine	Cycrimine may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Glycopyrronium	Glycopyrronium may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Tolterodine	Tolterodine may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Oxybutynin	Oxybutynin may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Promethazine	Promethazine may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Diphenhydramine	Diphenhydramine may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Doxacurium	Doxacurium may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Doxepin	Doxepin may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Flavoxate	Flavoxate may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Desipramine	Desipramine may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Orphenadrine	Orphenadrine may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Escitalopram	Escitalopram may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Quetiapine	Quetiapine may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Mivacurium	Mivacurium may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Diphenidol	Diphenidol may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Aripiprazole	Aripiprazole may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Chlorprothixene	Chlorprothixene may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Metocurine	Metocurine may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Pancuronium	Pancuronium may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Pipecuronium	Pipecuronium may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Methotrimeprazine	Methotrimeprazine may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Tiotropium	Tiotropium may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Solifenacin	Solifenacin may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Isopropamide	Isopropamide may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Rapacuronium	Rapacuronium may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Mepenzolate	Mepenzolate may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Pizotifen	Pizotifen may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Fesoterodine	Fesoterodine may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Hexocyclium	Hexocyclium may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Dimetindene	Dimetindene may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Aclidinium	Aclidinium may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Dexetimide	Dexetimide may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Benactyzine	Benactyzine may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Umeclidinium	Umeclidinium may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Trimebutine	Trimebutine may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Dosulepin	Dosulepin may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Imidafenacin	Imidafenacin may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Butylscopolamine	Butylscopolamine may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Thonzylamine	Thonzylamine may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Methscopolamine	Methscopolamine may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Revefenacin	Revefenacin may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Oxitropium	Oxitropium may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Propiverine	Propiverine may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Batefenterol	Batefenterol may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Mebeverine	Mebeverine may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Tropatepine	Tropatepine may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Prifinium	Prifinium may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Piperidolate	Piperidolate may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Benzilone	Benzilone may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.
Difemerine	Difemerine may increase the gastrointestinal motility reducing activities of Glucagon.

Target Protein

Glucagon receptor GCGR

Glucagon-like peptide 2 receptor GLP2R

Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor GLP1R

Referensi & Sumber

Artikel (PubMed)

PMID: 12626323
Jiang G, Zhang BB: Glucagon and regulation of glucose metabolism. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Apr;284(4):E671-8.
PMID: 24370975
Zhou A, Pacini G, Ahren B, D'Argenio DZ: Glucagon clearance is regulated by nutritional state: evidence from experimental studies in mice. Diabetologia. 2014 Apr;57(4):801-8. doi: 10.1007/s00125-013-3148-x. Epub 2013 Dec 28.
PMID: 659632
Holst JJ, Galbo H, Richter EA: Neutralization of glucagon by antiserum as a tool in glucagon physiology. Lack of depression of basal blood glucose after antiserum treatment in rats. J Clin Invest. 1978 Jul;62(1):182-90. doi: 10.1172/JCI109104.

Link

Contoh Produk & Brand

Produk: 40 • International brands: 0

Produk

Baqsimi

Powder • 3 mg/1 • Nasal • US • Approved
Baqsimi

Powder • 3 mg / container • Nasal • Canada • Approved
Baqsimi

Powder • 3 mg/1 • Nasal • US • Approved
Baqsimi

Powder • 3 mg/1 • Nasal • US • Approved
Baqsimi

- • 3 mg • - • EU • Approved
Baqsimi

- • 3 mg • - • EU • Approved
Glucag0n

Kit • 1 mg/1mL • Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous • US • Approved
GlucaGen

Kit • 1 mg/1mL • Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous • US • Approved

Menampilkan 8 dari 40 produk.

Sekuens Gen/Protein (FASTA)

Sekuens dimuat saat dibutuhkan agar halaman tetap ringan.