2-deoxyglucose is predominantly used as a diagnostic agent in its radiolabelled form (fluorine-18 is used as the radiolabel). By using positron emission tomography (PET), radiolabelled 2-deoxyglucose can determine glucose metabolism, which is altered in disea…

Adipose mesenchymal stem cells (AMSCs) are MSCs derived from adipose tissue, which is more accessible and less painful than stem cells extracted from most other sources. Autologous stem cells are those derived from a patient’s own cells while allogeneic stem …

Aluminum zirconium octachlorohydrex gly is complex that consists of aluminum zirconium octachlorohydrate and glycine. It is an active antiperspirant agent [L2705], [L2706]. It diffuses into the sweat pores and prevents perspiration (sweat) from leaving the po…

The AstraZeneca COVID-19 Vaccine (previously known as ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 or AZD1222) is one of several vaccines developed in 2020 for the prevention of COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2.[L12669,L32649] The ChAdOx1 viral vector was developed at the University of Oxfo…

Barnidipine is a long-acting novel calcium antagonist that belongs to the dihydropyridine (DHP) group of calcium channel blockers. Used in the treatment of hypertension, barnidipine displays high affinity for the calcium channels of the smooth muscle cells in…

Bovine collagen alpha-1 is a naturally occurring extracellular matrix protein which is found in tendons and other connective tissues. It plays a vital role in cell growth, differentiation, attachment, and migration [L2481]. Often combined with other ingredie…

As of March 2019, brexanolone - developed and made available commercially by Sage Therapeutics Inc. as the brand name product Zulresso - is the first drug to have ever been approved by the US FDA specifically for the treatment of postpartum depression (PPD) i…

Cethromycin is a 3-keto (ketolide) derivative of erythromycin A with an 11,12-carbamate group and an O-6-linked aromatic ring system.[A203369] Cethromycin represents a joint development effort by Abbott Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceuticals, and Advanced Life …

Cholecystokinin ( also known as _CCK or CCK-PZ_) is a peptide hormone of the gastrointestinal system which is responsible for stimulating the digestion of fat and protein. Cholecystokinin, previously called _pancreozymin_, is synthesized and secreted by enter…

Coenzyme A persulfide is a possible in vivo inhibitor of mammalian short chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase.

Humanized IgG1 Mab that binds to the human interleukin-2 receptor (anti-Tac or anti-CD25). Daclizumab is a composite of human (90%) and murine (10%) antibody sequences. The human sequences were derived from the constant domains of human IgG1 and the variable …

Darunavir is a protease inhibitor used with other HIV protease inhibitor drugs as well as [ritonavir] for the effective management of HIV-1 infection.[L9227] As a second-generation protease inhibitor, darunavir is designed to combat resistance to standard HIV…

Dasiglucagon is a glucagon analog that acts to increase blood sugar levels.[L39190] It consists of 29 amino acids similar to endogenous glucagon; however, it contains seven substituted amino acids for improved physical and chemical stability in its drug formu…

Elivaldogene autotemcel is a gene therapy consisting of genetically modified autologous cells. It is used to provide functional copies of human adrenoleukodystrophy protein (ALDP) in patients with adrenoleukodystrophy,[L39491] an X-linked genetic disorder cha…

Enalaprilat is the active metabolite of the orally available pro-drug, [enalapril]. Used in the treatment of hypertension, enalapril is an ACE inhibitor that prevents Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) from transforming angiotensin I into angiotensin II. As …

Esomeprazole, sold under the brand name Nexium, is a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) medication used for the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), for gastric protection to prevent recurrence of stomach ulcers or gastric damage from chronic use of…

Vasomotor symptoms (VMS), more colloquially known as hot flashes or night sweats, are some of the most common symptoms in menopause. With a median duration of 7.4 years, vasomotor symptoms are also the most common reasons why women seek treatments for menopau…

Fish oil is a component of SMOFLIPID, which was FDA approved in July 2016. It is indicated in adults as a source of calories and essential fatty acids for parenteral nutrition when oral or enteral nutrition is not possible, insufficient, or contraindicated. …

Human interferon beta is a polypeptide used in the management of relapsing forms of Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and was initially approved by the FDA in 1992.[L12081] Multiple Sclerosis is a devastating neurodegenerative disease that is usually progressive and s…

Huperzine A, is a naturally occurring sesquiterpene alkaloid found in the extracts of the firmoss _Huperzia serrata_. The botanical has been used in China for centuries for the treatment of swelling, fever and blood disorders. Recently in clinical trials in C…

Human Insulin, also known as Regular Insulin, is a short-acting form of insulin used for the treatment of hyperglycemia caused by Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes. Human insulin is produced by recombinant DNA technology and is identical to endogenously produced ins…

Iron dextran is a dark brown, slightly viscous liquid complex of ferric hydroxide and dextran for intravenous or intramuscular use. Iron Dextran is used for the treatment of patients with documented iron deficiency in which oral administration is unsatisfacto…

Lactulose is a synthetic disaccharide derivative of lactose that is most commonly used as a laxative agent despite also being formally indicated to serve as an adjunct therapy in treating portal-systemic encephalopathy (PSE).[FDA Label,L6199,L6202] Despite be…

MDX-018, also known as HuMax-Inflam, is a fully human antibody that is directed to IL-8 (interleukin-8) and may have potential application in oncology and inflammation. Trials will initially focus on studies to treat glioblastoma, a cancer of the central nerv…

Methylphenidate is a central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and for narcolepsy. Also known as the marketed products Ritalin, Concerta, or Biphentin, methylphenidate is used with …

Milnacipran is a selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) and like many agents in this category was originally developed for and continues to be approved and indicated for the treatment of depression [F3928, F3934, A175786, A175951]. F…

Natural Killer (NK) cells originate and differentiate from hematopoietic stem cells through various signalling pathways involving cytokines and interleukins. These cells arise from CD34+ lymphoid progenitors and comprise 10-15% of all lymphocytes in human per…

Nilotinib, also known as AMN107, is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor under investigation as a possible treatment for chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). A Phase I clinical trial in 2006 showed that this drug was relatively safe and offered significant therapeutic …

Oteseconazole is an azole metalloenzyme inhibitor that targets fungal CYP51.[L41635] CYP51, also known as 14? demethylase, participates in the formation of ergosterol, a compound that plays a vital role in the integrity of cell membranes.[L41635,A247020] By b…

Pantoprazole is a first-generation proton pump inhibitor (PPI) used for the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), for gastric protection to prevent recurrence of stomach ulcers or gastric damage from chronic use of NSAIDs, and for the treatmen…

Pentoxifylline (PTX) is a synthetic dimethylxanthine derivative that modulates the rheological properties of blood and also has both anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.[A226415, L30300] Although originally developed to treat intermittent claudicati…

Perfluorohexyloctane is a semifluorinated alkane that contains six perfluorinated carbon atoms and eight hydrogenated carbon atoms.[L46491] It is an inert, slightly amphiphilic compound.[A259746] Because it is a completely non-aqueous liquid, microbial growth…

Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease involving dysfunction at the neuromuscular junction, most commonly due to autoantibodies directed against the acetylcholine receptor (AChR), which results in muscle tone loss, muscle weakness, and fatigue.[A231004] A…

A metabolite of tryptophan with a possible role in neurodegenerative disorders. Elevated CSF levels of quinolinic acid are correlated with the severity of neuropsychological deficits in patients who have AIDS. [PubChem]

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is a respiratory disease that is capable of progressing to viral pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); COVID-…

Technetium Tc 99m Mebrofenin is a diagnostic radiopharmaceutical composed of diisopropyl-iminodiacetic acid (DISIDA) attached to a technetium-99m ion. Following intravenous injection, single photon emission computer tomography (SPECT) imaging of the liver o…

Technetium Tc-99m pertechnetate is a radiopharmaceutical diagnostic agent composed of an oxoanion with the chemical formula TcO4-. Pertechnetate has a wide variety of uses within nuclear medicine as it distributes within the body to a similar extent as iodine…

Technetium 99m sulfur colloid is a radiopharmaceutical diagnostic agent used in the evaluation of various conditions including lymph node metastases in breast cancer, detection of shunt patency, imaging of reticuloendothelial cells for assessment of liver fun…

Terconazole is an anti-fungal drug that is mainly used to treat vaginal yeast infections (or vaginal candidiasis). It is classified as a _triazole ketal derivative_.[A178096] Terconazole was initially approved by the FDA in 1987.[FDA label] This drug is avail…

Tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV) is a propyl analogue of tetrahydrocannabinol (?9-THC), one of the primary pharmacological components of [Medical Cannabis]. ?9-THC is currently available in several synthetic forms, including [Dronabinol], while purified or isola…

Tetryzoline, also known as tetrahydrozoline, is a derivative of imidazoline with central and peripheral alpha (?)-adrenergic properties.[A231769] Available since the 1950s, tetryzoline is a selective ?₁-receptor agonist [A231774] that is used as a…

tgAAC94 is a recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 2 (AAV2) vector containing the cDNA for a human tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-immunoglobulin (IgG1) Fc fusion (TNFR:Fc) gene. It was under investigation in clinical trials to treat Inflammatory …

Thallous chloride (also known as Thallium(I) chloride) is a colourless solid intermediate in the isolation of thallium from its ores. It is created from the treatment of thallium(I) sulfate with hydrochloric acid. This solid crystallizes in the caesium chlori…

Tyrosinase is a multi-copper-containing multifunctional metalloenzyme with 4 possible oxidation states.[A231829, A231834, A231839] It is responsible for producing melanin pigment across the phylogenetic spectrum.[A231829, A231834, A231839] Within mammals, …

Marginal zone lymphoma is a rare, slowly progressing type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma initially treated with [rituximab] (an anti-CD20 drug), either alone or in combination with chemotherapy. Unfortunately, many patients experience a relapse or develop resistance…

Valdecoxib was removed from the Canadian, U.S., and E.U. markets in 2005 due to concerns about a possible increased risk of heart attack and stroke.

VEGF-AS (Veglin) is an anti-angiogenesis non-chemotherapy drug (angiogenesis inhibitor) that was developed by VasGene Therapeutics, Inc. for the treatment of a variety of malignancies including mesothelioma. Veglin is one of several newly developed non-chemot…