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Halaman 9 / 54Caffeine is a drug of the methylxanthine class used for a variety of purposes, including certain respiratory conditions of the premature newborn, pain relief, and to combat drowsiness. Caffeine is similar in chemical structure to [Theophylline] and [Theobromi…
Asparaginase is an important agent used to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) [A40270]. Asparagine is incorporated into most proteins, and the synthesis of proteins is stopped when asparagine is absent, which inhibits RNA and DNA synthesis, resulting i…
A 37-amino acid peptide derived from the calcitonin gene. It occurs as a result of alternative processing of mRNA from the calcitonin gene. The neuropeptide is widely distributed in the brain, gut, perivascular nerves, and other tissue. The peptide produces m…
Calcitonin is a polypeptide hormone secreted by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland in mammals. It inhibits bone resorption and lowers both serum and urinary calcium concentrations. Human calcitonin is available only in very small quantities but has…
Calcitriol is an active metabolite of vitamin D with 3 hydroxyl (OH) groups and is commonly referred to as 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, or 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D<sub>3</sub>, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D<sub>3</sub>. It is produced in the body after series…
Calcium plays a vital role in the anatomy, physiology and biochemistry of organisms and of the cell, particularly in signal transduction pathways. The skeleton acts as a major mineral storage site for the element and releases Ca2+ ions into the bloodstream un…
The chemical compound calcium acetate is the calcium salt of acetic acid. It has been commonly referred to as the acetate of lime. The anhydrous form is very hygroscopic, therefore the monohydrate is the common form.
Calcium carbimide, sold as the citrate salt, is an alcohol-sensitizing agent. Its effects are similar to the drug disulfiram (Antabuse) in that it interferes with the normal metabolism of alcohol by preventing the breakdown of the metabolic product acetaldehy…
Calcium chloride is an ionic compound of calcium and chlorine. It is highly soluble in water and it is deliquescent. It is a salt that is solid at room temperature, and it behaves as a typical ionic halide. It has several common applications such as brine for…
Calcium citrate is a salt typically used as a source of calcium in a variety of over the counter supplements.
Calcium gluconate is used as mineral supplement and medication when there is insufficient calcium in the diet. Supplementation may be done to treat or prevent osteoporosis or rickets, consequences of hypocalcemia. It can also be taken by mouth but is not reco…
Calcium lactate is a salt that consists of two lactate anions for each calcium cation (Ca2+). It is prepared commercially by the neutralization of lactic acid with calcium carbonate or calcium hydroxide. Approved by the FDA as a direct food substance affirmed…
The relatively new calcium levulinate is produced from a direct reaction between L- or levulinic acid levulose and calcium hydroxide [L2765]. The resultant calcium levulinate formulation, when used as a calcium supplement, possesses a high calcium content tha…
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Calfactant is a sterile, non-pyrogenic lung surfactant intended for intratracheal instillation. It is an off-white suspension of an extract of natural surfactant from calf lungs suspended in 0.9% saline. Each milliliter of calfactant contains 35mg of phosphol…
Calpurbatug (TRL1068) is a high-affinity and broad-spectrum human antibody that targets and disintegrates bacterial biofilm.
Camostat mesylate, or FOY-305, is a synthetic serine protease inhibitor.[A193842,A193848] It was first described in the literature in 1981, as part of research on the inhibition of skin tumors in mice.[A198807] Camostat mesylate inhibits cholecystokinin, pro-…
Camoteskimab is under investigation in clinical trial NCT06436183 (A Study of the Effects of Camoteskimab in Adults With Moderate to Severe Atopic Dermatitis).
Camphor is a bicyclic monoterpene ketone found widely in plants, especially _Cinnamomum camphora_. It is used topically as a skin antipruritic and as an anti-infective agent. When ingested, camphor has a rapid onset of toxic effects, and camphorated oil is th…
Camptothecin is an alkaloid isolated from the stem wood of the Chinese tree, <i>Camptotheca acuminata</i>. This compound selectively inhibits the nuclear enzyme DNA topoisomerase, type I. Several semisynthetic analogs of camptothecin have demonstrated antitum…
Canakinumab is a recombinant, human anti-human-IL-1? monoclonal antibody that belongs to the IgG1/? isotype subclass. It is expressed in a murine Sp2/0-Ag14 cell line and comprised of two 447- (or 448-) residue heavy chains and two 214-residue light chains, w…
Canertinib is a pan-erbB tyrosine kinase inhibitor which work against esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. Canertinib treatment significantly affects tumour metabolism, proliferation and hypoxia as determined by PET.
Cannabidiol, or CBD, is one of at least 85 active cannabinoids identified within the Cannabis plant. It is a major phytocannabinoid, accounting for up to 40% of the Cannabis plant's extract, that binds to a wide variety of physiological targets of the endocan…
Cannabidiolic acid is under investigation in clinical trial NCT04103814 (Effect of Topical CBD Cream for Degenerative Hallux Disorders).
Cannabidivarin, also known as cannabidivarol or CBDV, is a non-psychoactive cannabinoid found within [DB14009]. It is one of over 100 cannabinoids identified from the Cannabis plant that can modulate the physiological activity of cannabis, or marijuana [A3258…
Cantharidin is a naturally occurring odorless, colorless fatty substance of the terpenoid class that is produced as an oral fluid in the alimentary canal of the male blister beetle.[A32891, A32892] For its natural purpose, the male blister beetle secretes and…
Hormone receptor (HR) positive, especially estrogen receptor-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer is the most common subtype of metastatic breast cancer, resulting in more than 400,000 deaths annually. Although endocrine-based therapy is the first line of tr…
Capmatinib is a small molecule kinase inhibitor targeted against c-Met (a.k.a. hepatocyte growth factor receptor [HGFR]), a receptor tyrosine kinase that, in healthy humans, activates signaling cascades involved in organ regeneration and tissue repair.[A19912…
Caprospinol (SP-233) is the first drug ever to demonstrate the correlation of clearing beta-amyloid from the brain. It also improves the brain histopathology and recovers memory function.
Capsaicin is most often used as a topical analgesic and exists in many formulations of cream, liquid, and patch preparations of various strengths; however, it may also be found in some dietary supplements. Capsaicin is a naturally-occurring botanical irritant…
Capsicum oleoresin is an oily organic resin derived from the fruit of plants in the Capsicum genus, such as chilli peppers. When the plants are finely ground, capsicum oleoresin is formed after the extraction process of capsaicin using oragnic solvents such a…
CAR BCMA-CS1 is a lentiviral transfected chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy modified to target B-cell maturation antigen and CS1.
Caramiphen is a cholinergic antagonist used in Parkinson's disease. Additionally, it is used, in combination with [phenylpropanolamine], as a cough suppressant and nasal decongestant for the symptomatic treatment of seasonal respiratory conditions.
Carbazochrome is a hemostatic agent that promotes clotting, preventing blood loss from open wounds. It is an oxidation product of adrenaline which enhances the microcirculatory tone [A19747]. In the future this may prevent excessive blood flow during surgical…
Carbidopa presents a chemical denomination of N-amino-alpha-methyl-3-hydroxy-L-tyrosine monohydrate. It potently inhibits aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (DDC) and due to its chemical properties, it does not cross the blood-brain barrier. Due to its activit…
Carbinoxamine is a first generation antihistamine that competes with free histamine for binding at HA-receptor sites. This antagonizes the effects of histamine on HA-receptors, leading to a reduction of the negative symptoms brought on by histamine HA-recepto…
Dyspnea and cough are common symptoms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)[A231169] and other respiratory conditions characterized by increased mucus production. Individuals with COPD have a greater risk of pulmonary infection due to the growth and…
Carbomycin, also called magnamycin, is crystalline macrolide antibiotic. This antibacterial is obtained from _Streptomyces halstedii_ and it presents a large inhibitory effect against Gram-positive bacteria and some Mycoplasma strains. The structure of carbom…
Produced by the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons, carbon black is an insoluble pigment [A263396] with demonstrated adverse effects on pulmonary function.[A263401] Upon inhalation, carbon black has been reported to trigger an inflammatory response in the …
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas that has a slightly lower density than air. It is toxic to hemoglobin utilizing animals (including humans), when encountered in concentrations above about 35 ppm, although it is also formed in n…
Cardarine (GW-501516) is a peroxisome proliferator-activator receptor-delta agonist for the potential treatment of dyslipidemia. Cardarine has been investigated for the treatment of Obesity, Lipid Disorders, and Cardiovascular Disease.
Carglumic acid is a drug used for the treatment of hyperammonemia in patients with a deficiency in N-acetyl glutamate synthase. This rare genetic disorder results in elevated blood levels of ammonia, which can eventually cross the blood–brain barrier and caus…
Originally approved by the FDA in 1959 [FDA label], carisoprodol is a centrally acting muscle relaxant used in painful musculoskeletal conditions in conjunction with physical therapy and other medications [A176047]. This drug is available by itself in an ora…
Carotegrast methyl is under investigation in clinical trial NCT03531892 (A Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of AJM300 in Participants With Active Ulcerative Colitis).
Carprofen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that is used by veterinarians as a supportive treatment for the relief of arthritic symptoms in geriatric dogs. Carprofen was previously used in human medicine for over 10 years (1985-1995). It was g…
Carvedilol is a racemic mixture where the S(-) enantiomer is both a beta and alpha-1 adrenoceptor blocker, and the R(+) enantiomer is an alpha-1 adrenoceptor blocker.[L7889,L7892] It is currently used to treat heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction, and …