A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration. It is also used for hypnosis and for the control of convulsive states. It has been used in neurosurgical p…

Thiosulfuric acid is available in its salt forms sodium thiosulfate and sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate. Sodium thiosulfate is part of the World Health Organization’s list of essential medicines, and it has a variety of industrial uses, including food preserv…

Thonzonium is a monocationic surface-active agent with surfactant and detergent properties. It is widely used as an additive to in ear and nasal drops to enhance dispersion and penetration of cellular debris and exudate, thereby promoting tissue contact of th…

Thonzylamine is an antihistamine and anticholinergic drug. It is available as combination products with [DB04837] or [DB00388] for temporary relief of symptoms of common cold, hay fever (allergic rhinitis) or other upper respiratory allergies.

Also known as coagulation factor II, thrombin is a serine protease that plays a physiological role in regulating hemostasis and maintaining blood coagulation. Once converted from prothrombin, thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin, which, in combination with …

Thrombin Alfa is a human coagulation protein produced via recombinant DNA technology from a genetically modified CHO cell line. Thrombin Alfa is identical in amino acid sequence and structurally similar to naturally occurring human thrombin. Thrombin Alfa pre…

A phenol obtained from thyme oil or other volatile oils. It is used as a stabilizer in pharmaceutic preparations. It has been used for its antiseptic, antibacterial, and antifungal actions, and was formerly used as a vermifuge. (Dorland, 28th ed)

Thyroid extract is dried and powdered thyroid glands from pigs containing tiiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) used to supplement low or absent thyroid activity.[A190831,L11755] Thyroid extract has been described in literature to treat hypothyroidism since…

Tiagabine is an anti-convulsive medication. It is also used in the treatment for panic disorder as are a few other anticonvulsants. Though the exact mechanism by which tiagabine exerts its effect on the human body is unknown, it does appear to operate as a se…

Tianeptine is a drug used primarily in the treatment of major depressive disorder and has been studied in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) [A31983]. Structurally, it is classified as a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA), however, it possesses diffe…

Tibolone is a synthetic steroid hormone drug, which is mainly non-selective in its binding profile, acting as an agonist primarily at estrogen receptors (ER), with a preference for ER alpha [L1874]. Tibolone (Livial, Org OD 14), produced by Organon (West O…

Ticagrelor, or AZD6140, was first described in the literature in 2003.[A204170,A2903] Ticagrelor is an ADP derivative developed for its P2Y₁₂ receptor antagonism.[A2903] Unlike [clopidogrel], ticagrelor is not a prodrug.[A2903] It is marketed by As…

Tigecycline is a glycylcycline antibiotic developed and marketed by Wyeth under the brand name Tygacil. It was developed in response to the growing prevalence of antibiotic resistance in bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus. It was granted fast-track approv…

Tildrakizumab is a high-affinity, humanized, IgG1 ? antibody targeting interleukin 23 p19 that shows promise in the evolution of treatment strategy in chronic plaque psoriasis [A32255]. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved ILUMYA (tildrakizumab-…

Tilmanocept is under investigation in clinical trial NCT03241446 (Pharmacokinetics and Dosimetry of Tc 99m Tilmanocept Following a Single Intravenous Dose Administration in Male and Female Subjects Diagnosed With Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)).

Tilmicosin is a macrolide antibiotic. It is used in veterinary medicine for the treatment of bovine respiratory disease and ovine respiratory disease associated with _Mannheimia haemolytica_.

Tiludronate, or (4-chlorophenyl)thio-methylene-1,1-bisphosphonate, is a first generation bisphosphonate similar to [etidronic acid] and [clodronic acid].[A1923,A203111] These drugs were developed to mimic the action of pyrophosphate, a regulator of calcificat…

Tinzaparin is a low molecular weight heparin (LMWH), produced by enzymatic depolymerization of unfractionated heparin from porcine intestinal mucosa. It is a heterogeneous mixture of with an average molecular weight between 5500 and 7500 daltons. Tinzaparin i…

Tiopronin is a prescription thiol drug used primarily in the treatment of severe homozygous cystinuria. Patients with cystinuria excrete high levels of cystine in their urine and are at risk for kidney stone formation. Tiopronin is used as a second-line thera…

Tiotropium is a long-acting, antimuscarinic bronchodilator used in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma.[A180163,L7084,L7087,L7090,L7093] Tiotropium acts mainly on M3 muscarinic receptors located in the airways to produce …

Tipiracil is a thymidine phosphorylase inhibitor. It is used in combination with trifluridine, in a ratio of 1:0.5, to form TAS-102. The main function of Tipiracil in TAS-102 is to increase trifluridine bioavailability by inhibiting its catabolism.[A31255] TA…

Tirapazamine, also known as SR-4233, is an experimental anticancer drug that is activated in hypoxic conditions. This activation is very useful as this hypoxic state is found in human solid tumors in a common phenomenon known as tumor hypoxia. Hence, tirapaza…

A metabolite of T3 and T4 thyroid hormones; promoted for hyperlipidemia, localized lipodystrophy, and obesity. Tiratricol has been used in trials studying the treatment of Allan-Herndon-Dudley Syndrome.

Tirbanibulin (KX-O1 or KX2–391) is a dual inhibitor of Src Kinase and tubulin.[A225726] On December 14, 2020, tirbanibulin was approved by the FDA for the topical treatment of actinic keratosis on the face or scalp. It is marketed under the brand name Klisyri…

Tirzepatide is a novel dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist. Dual GIP/GLP-1 agonists gained increasing attention as new therapeutic agents for glycemic and weight control as they demonstr…

Tisagenlecleucel is a CD19-directed genetically modified autologous T cell immunotherapy, or a CAR-T cell therapy for B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. It was granted approval by FDA in August 2017 under the market name Kymriah. Tisagenlecleucel is an immu…

Tislelizumab is a humanized monoclonal IgG4 antibody against programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1). It was engineered to have a nullified Fc portion, thus minimizing binding to Fc?R on macrophages and limiting treatment resistance via antibody-dependent phagocyt…

Tisotumab vedotin is a tissue factor-directed antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) comprised of an anti-tissue factor (TF) human IgG1-kappa antibody conjugated to monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE), a microtubule-disrupting agent, via a protease-cleavable valine-citrull…

Tivanisiran is under investigation in clinical trial NCT03108664 (HELIX, a Double-masked Study of SYL1001 in Patients With Moderate to Severe Dry Eye Disease (DED)).

TM5614 is a novel, orally active, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) inhibitor[A228788,A228793,]. PAI-1 is a marker of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome[L31673,A228793,A228798], and current studies are exploring downstream effects of its…

TMC-310911 (also known as ASC-09) is a novel investigational protease inhibitor (PI) that is structurally similar to the currently available [darunavir].[L12045] It is being investigated for use in HIV-1 infections. TMC-310911 has shown marked activity agains…

TNB-383B is a CD3 and B-cell maturation antigen T-cell engaging bispecific antibody.

Aminoglycosides, many of which are derived directly from _Streptomyces_ spp., are concentration-dependent bactericidal antibiotics with a broad spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms.[A232294] Inhaled tobramycin is notable for …

Tocilizumab is a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody IL-6 receptor inhibitor used to treat inflammatory and autoimmune conditions.[L12789] It was first described in the literature in 2003 when Chugai, a subsidiary of Roche began developing IL-6 inhibiti…

D-Alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (Tocofersolan, Vedrop), has been developed in Europe as an orally bioavailable source of vitamin E in children suffering from cholestasis [L2371]. Cholestasis is the reduction or stoppage of bile flow, eit…

Tofacitinib is an inhibitor of Janus kinases, a group of intracellular enzymes involved in signalling pathways that affect hematopoiesis and immune cell function. It is approved by the FDA for treatment of moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis that responds…

Tofersen is under an intrathecally administered antisense oligonucleotide targeting the mutated SOD1 gene that causes amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).[L46108] Although there were various causes of ALS, 2% of ALS cases are due to SOD1 mutations, with more …

Tolbutamide is an oral antihyperglycemic agent used for the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). It is structurally similar to acetohexamide, chlorpropamide and tolazamide and belongs to the sulfonylurea class of insulin secretagogues…

Toll-like receptor 9 is under investigation in clinical trial NCT03007732 (Pembrolizumab in Combination With Intratumoral SD-101 Therapy).

Tolperisone is an oral, centrally acting muscle relaxant. Its precise mechanism is not completely understood, though it blocks sodium and calcium channels. It possesses a high affinity for nervous system tissue, reaching highest concentrations in brain stem, …

TOP-1288 is under investigation in clinical trial NCT02888379 (Phase 2a Study to Evaluate the Safety/Tolerability and Efficacy of TOP1288 200 mg Rectal Solution Once Daily for 4 Weeks in Ulcerative Colitis).

Topiroxostat is a selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor developed for treatment and management of hyperuricemia and gout. Xanthine oxidase, or xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR), regulates purine metabolism, and inhibition of the enzyme results in efficacious reduc…

Topramezone is under investigation in clinical trial NCT00559520 (The Role of Preoperative Oral Immunonutrition in Major Vascular Surgery).

Toremifene is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) and a nonsteroidal antiestrogen used to treat estrogen receptor positive breast cancer.[A256923] Like [tamoxifen], toremifene is part of the first-generation triphenylethylene derivative chemical cl…

The proliferation of some cancers can be attributed, at least in part, to the suppression of host tumor surveillance. One mechanism by which this occurs is through the overexpression of programmed cell death ligand (PD-L1)[A261506] - the binding of PD-L1 (and…

Torudokimab is under investigation in clinical trial NCT03831191 (A Study of LY3375880 in Adults With Moderate-to-severe Atopic Dermatitis).

Tosedostat has been used in trials studying the treatment and supportive care of AML, Leukemia, Pancreas Cancer, Multiple Myeloma, and Pancreatic Cancer, among others. Tosedostat is an inhibitor of the M1 family of aminopeptidases, in particular PuSA, and …

Tovorafenib is a selective type II RAF kinase inhibitor with anti-tumour activity.[A263597] It was granted accelerated approval by the FDA, making it the first FDA approval of a systemic therapy for the treatment of pediatric low-grade glioma, with BRAF rearr…

The Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine (also known as BNT162b2, Tozinameran, and Comirnaty), is one of four advanced mRNA-based vaccines developed through "Project Lightspeed," a joint program between Pfizer and BioNTech.[L15002,L15007,L36025] Comirnaty is a nu…

Trabectedin, also referred as ET-743 during its development, is a marine-derived antitumor agent discovered in the Carribean tunicate _Ecteinascidia turbinata_ and now produced synthetically. Trabectedin has a unique mechanism of action. It binds to the minor…