Fulvestrant is a drug treatment of hormone receptor (HR)-positive metastatic breast cancer in post-menopausal women with disease progression following anti-estrogen therapy. It is an estrogen receptor antagonist with no agonist effects, which works both by do…

Furosemide is a potent loop diuretic that acts on the kidneys to ultimately increase water loss from the body. It is an anthranilic acid derivative.[L7958] Furosemide is used for edema secondary to various clinical conditions, such as congestive heart failure…

Gabapentin is a structural analogue of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid ([GABA]) that was first approved for use in the United States in 1993.[L8717] It was originally developed as a novel anti-epileptic for the treatment of certain typ…

Gabapentin enacarbil is marketed under the name Horizant. It is a prodrug of gabapentin, and indicated in adults for the treatment of Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) and postherpetic neuralgia (PHN).

Gaboxadol also known as 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo(5,4-c)pyridin-3-ol (THIP) is an experimental sleep aid drug developed by Lundbeck and Merck, who reported increased deep sleep without the reinforcing effects of benzodiazepines. Development of Gaboxadol was…

Gadopiclenol is a gadolinium-based contrast agent (GBCA) based on a pyclen macrocyclic structure. It is indicated for use with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to detect and visualize lesions with abnormal vascularity in the central nervous system and the bod…

Gadoxetic acid (gadoxetate) is a paramagnetic gadolinium-containing ionic linear contrast agent in which its salt form, gadoxetate disodium, is used for intravenous injection. Ethoxybenzyl diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid is the moiety that chelates with a …

Galantamine is a tertiary alkaloid and reversible, competitive inhibitor of the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme, which is a widely studied therapeutic target used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.[A1018] First characterized in the early 1950s, galan…

Galcanezumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody developed by Eli Lilly and Company against human calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP).[A33105] Although several small-molecule CGRP receptor antagonists have been developed, humanized monoclonal antibodies lik…

Galicaftor is under investigation in clinical trial NCT03540524 (A Study Looking at the Safety, Tolerability and Efficacy of the Combination of the Study Drugs GLPG2451 and GLPG2222 With or Without GLPG2737 in Patients With Cystic Fibrosis.).

Galidesivir is an adenosine analogue that has been investigated for use against Zaire Ebolavirus.[A191451] In animal studies, galidesivir was effective in increasing the survival rates from infections caused by various pathogens, including Ebola, Marburg, Yel…

Galiximab is a chimeric monoclonal antibody which is used as an immunosuppressive drug.

A synthetic nondepolarizing blocking drug. The actions of gallamine triethiodide are similar to those of tubocurarine, but this agent blocks the cardiac vagus and may cause sinus tachycardia and, occasionally, hypertension and increased cardiac output. It sho…

Gallium (Ga) 68 prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-11, or Ga-68 gozetotide, is a radiopharmaceutical agent used to identify and assess prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-positive lesions in adult men with prostate cancer during positron emission…

Gambir is a plant/plant extract used in some OTC (over-the-counter) products. It is not an approved drug.

Gamma hydroxybutyric acid, commonly abbreviated GHB, is a therapeutic drug which is illegal in multiple countries. It is currently regulated in the US and sold by Jazz Pharmaceuticals under the name Xyrem. However, it is important to note that GHB is a design…

Garcinia gummi-gutta fruit is a plant/plant extract used in some OTC (over-the-counter) products. It is not an approved drug.

Garden snail mucin is an animal extract used in some OTC (over-the-counter) products. It is not an approved drug.

Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic agent and a member of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family. It works by inhibiting the bacterial enzymes DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. It was first introduced by Bristol-Myers Squibb in 1999 under the brand name Tequin…

GC-373 is a peptide aldehyde which is metabolized from the bisulfide adduct, [GC-376 free acid][A219031,A219036]. It is an inhibitor of M^pro (otherwise known as 3CL^pro), a viral encoded protease that cleaves and activates functional prot…

GC-376 is a 3C-like protease (3CL^pro or M^pro) inhibitor that stops the cleavage and activation of functional viral proteins required for replication and transcription in host cells[A219036]. The compound is known as a direct acting antiv…

Gefitinib (originally coded ZD1839) is a drug used in the treatment of certain types of cancer. Acting in a similar manner to erlotinib (marketed as Tarceva), gefitinib selectively targets the mutant proteins in malignant cells. It is marketed by AstraZeneca …

Gelatin is a multifunctional ingredient that is used in foods, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and photographic films as a gelling agent, stabilizer, thickener, emulsifier, as well as film former.[A32432] As a thermoreversible hydrocolloid with a small gap bet…

Gemcabene is a new drug that lowers low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), decreases triglycerides, and raises high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C).

Gemcitabine is a nucleoside analog and a chemotherapeutic agent. It was originally investigated for its antiviral effects, but it is now used as an anticancer therapy for various cancers.[A233135] Gemcitabine is a cytidine analog with two fluorine atoms repla…

Geraniol is a monoterpene that is found within many essential oils of fruits, vegetables, and herbs including rose oil, citronella, lemongrass, lavender, and other aromatic plants. It is emitted from the flowers of many species of plant and is commonly used b…

Gestrinone, also known as ethylnorgestrienone, is a synthetic steroid of the 19-nortestosterone group that is marketed in Europe, Australia, and Latin America, though not the United States or Canada, and is used primarily in the treatment of endometriosis. …

Gilteritinib, also known as ASP2215, is a small molecule part of the FLT3 tyrosine kinase inhibitors that presented a greater selectivity and potency when compared with other agents from this group.[A40036] It is a pyrazinecarboxamide derivative that showed h…

Gimeracil is an adjunct to antineoplastic therapy, used to increase the concentration and effect of the main active componets within chemotherapy regimens. Approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) in March 2011, Gimeracil is available in combination wi…

_Ginkgo biloba_ extract contains a group of terpene lactones (notably, ginkgolides and diterpenes) and ginkgo flavone glycosides (notably, ginkgetin, bilobetin, and sciadopitysin) that have antioxidant and vasoactive properties.[A232389] Most of the studies t…

Ginkgo biloba leaf oil is a plant/plant extract used in some OTC (over-the-counter) products. It is not an approved drug.

Givinostat is a small molecule histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor. It has been investigated as a treatment for a variety of inflammatory diseases, like Crohn's disease and juvenile idiopathic arthritis, cancers like leukemia and lymphoma, as well as several…

Givosiran is a small interfering RNA (siRNA) directed towards 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase, a critical enzyme in the heme biosynthesis pathway.[L10202] It is manufactured by Alnylam Pharmaceuticals and was first approved for use in the United States in Nove…

Glatiramer acetate is a mix of synthetic polypeptides that includes L-glutamic acid, L-alanine, L-tyrosine, and L-lysine at an average molar fraction of 0.141, 0.427, 0.095, and 0.338, respectively.[L41940] Since glatiramer acetate is a heterogeneous drug, th…

Glibornuride is a sulfonylurea-type anti-diabetic drug.

Gliclazide is an oral antihyperglycemic agent used for the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). It has been classified differently according to its drug properties in which based on its chemical structure, gliclazide is considered a f…

First introduced in 1995, glimepiride is a member of the second-generation sulfonylurea (SU) drug class used for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) to improve glycemic control. Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic disorder with increasing prevalences…

Glipizide is an oral hypoglycemic agent in the second-generation sulfonylurea drug class that is used to control blood sugar levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. It was first introduced in 1984 [A179491] and is available in various countries incl…

Gliquidone is a sulfonylurea drug used to treat diabetes mellitus type 2. It is an ATP-dependent K+ (KATP) channel blocker. This block causes a depolarization which leads to activation of voltage-dependent Ca channels and Ca2+ influx, and eventually increases…

Glisoxepide is one of the sulphonamide-derived oral antidiabetic drugs. It inhibits the uptake of bile acids into isolated rat hepatocytes. However it inhibits taurocholate uptake only in the absence of sodium ions. Glisoxepide uptake could be further inhibit…

Glucarpidase is a recombinant carboxypeptidase G2 produced by genetically modified _Escherichia coli_ bacteria. It is a 390-amino acid homodimer protein.[L39855] High-dose [methotrexate], an antifolate agent, has been widely and safely used for many decades i…

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive and degenerative joint disease marked by loss of cartilage, bone changes, and synovial membrane inflammation.[A232289] Treatment with chondroprotective drugs, such as glucosamine sulfate may offer additional benefits to no…

A tripeptide with many roles in cells. It conjugates to drugs to make them more soluble for excretion, is a cofactor for some enzymes, is involved in protein disulfide bond rearrangement and reduces peroxides.

Glutethimide is a hypnotic and sedative. Its use has been largely superseded by other drugs.

Glycol salicylate, also known as _2-hydroxyethyl salicylate_, is a benzoate ester formed from the condensation of the carboxy group of salicylic acid with one of the hydroxy groups of ethylene glycol. It is found as an active ingredient and topical analgesic …

Glycyrrhiza glabra is a plant/plant extract used in some OTC (over-the-counter) products. It is not an approved drug.

Glycyrrhizic acid is extracted from the root of the licorice plant; _Glycyrrhiza glabra_.[F79] It is a triterpene glycoside with glycyrrhetinic acid that possesses a wide range of pharmacological and biological activities. When extracted from the plant, it ca…

Neuren Pharmaceuticals was developing Glypromate (glycine-proline glutamate), a naturally occurring small-molecule neuroprotectant derived from IGF-1 which inhibits caspase III dependent apoptosis, for the potential treatment of neurodegenerative diseases by …

GMX1777 is a water-soluble prodrug of the cyanoguanidine compound GMX1778 with potential antineoplastic activity. In vivo, apoptosis inducer GMX1777 is rapidly converted into GMX1778 through hydrolytic cleavage of a carbonate ester bond. Although the exact me…

Golodirsen is a morpholino antisense oligomer designed to treat about 8% of patients with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD). This is an X-linked condition leading to progressive muscle degeneration that begins in early childhood, rendering many patients wheel…