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Tofacitinib is an inhibitor of Janus kinases, a group of intracellular enzymes involved in signalling pathways that affect hematopoiesis and immune cell function. It is approved by the FDA for treatment of moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis that responds…
Tofersen is under an intrathecally administered antisense oligonucleotide targeting the mutated SOD1 gene that causes amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).[L46108] Although there were various causes of ALS, 2% of ALS cases are due to SOD1 mutations, with more …
Tofisopam (marketed under brand names Emandaxin and Grandaxin) is a 2,3-benzodiazepine drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. In contrast to classical 1,4-benzodiazepines, the compound does not bind to the benzodiazepine binding site of the gamma-aminobut…
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Tolbutamide is an oral antihyperglycemic agent used for the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). It is structurally similar to acetohexamide, chlorpropamide and tolazamide and belongs to the sulfonylurea class of insulin secretagogues…
Tolcapone is a drug that inhibits the enzyme catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT). It is used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease as an adjunct to levodopa/carbidopa medication. It is a yellow, odorless, non-hygroscopic, crystalline compound. Tolcapone is…
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Sodium polystyrene sulfonate is a medication used to treat abnormally high potassium levels. It may be taken orally or by rectum, as an enema, and functions as a potassium-binding resin in the intestines. It is also an effective topical microbicide and spermi…
Tolfenamic acid, with the formula N-(2-methyl-3-chlorphenyl)-anthranilic acid, is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent.[A31824] It was discovered by scientists at Medica Pharmaceutical Company in Finland. It is used in the UK as a treatment for migraine und…
A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (anti-inflammatory agents, NON-steroidal) similar in mode of action to indomethacin.
Tolnaftate is a synthetic over-the-counter anti-fungal agent. It may come as a cream, powder, spray, or liquid aerosol, and is used to treat jock itch, athlete's foot and ringworm. It is sold under several brand names, most notably Tinactin and Odor Eaters.
Tolperisone is an oral, centrally acting muscle relaxant. Its precise mechanism is not completely understood, though it blocks sodium and calcium channels. It possesses a high affinity for nervous system tissue, reaching highest concentrations in brain stem, …
Tolrestat (INN) (AY-27773) is an aldose reductase inhibitor which was approved for the control of certain diabetic complications. While it was approved for marketed in several countries, it failed a Phase III trial in the U.S. due to toxicity and never receiv…
Toluene is a colorless, liquid that is immiscible in water. It is a mono-substituted benzene derivative used in veterinary medicine as a treatment for various parasites in dogs and cats.
Tolvaptan is used to treat low blood sodium levels (hyponatremia) associated with various conditions like congestive heart failure, cirrhosis, and syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormones (SIADH). FDA approved on May 19, 2009.
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Tomligisiran is under investigation in clinical trial NCT06537414 (A Study of Sequential Therapy With Daplusiran/tomligisiran (DAP/TOM) Followed by Bepirovirsen in Participants Living With Chronic Hepatitis B (CHB)).
Tonapofylline has been used in trials studying the treatment of Heart Failure, Renal Insufficiency, and Congestive Heart Failure.
Topiroxostat is a selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor developed for treatment and management of hyperuricemia and gout. Xanthine oxidase, or xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR), regulates purine metabolism, and inhibition of the enzyme results in efficacious reduc…
An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA topoisomerases, type I.
Toremifene is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) and a nonsteroidal antiestrogen used to treat estrogen receptor positive breast cancer.[A256923] Like [tamoxifen], toremifene is part of the first-generation triphenylethylene derivative chemical cl…
The proliferation of some cancers can be attributed, at least in part, to the suppression of host tumor surveillance. One mechanism by which this occurs is through the overexpression of programmed cell death ligand (PD-L1)[A261506] - the binding of PD-L1 (and…
Tosedostat has been used in trials studying the treatment and supportive care of AML, Leukemia, Pancreas Cancer, Multiple Myeloma, and Pancreatic Cancer, among others. Tosedostat is an inhibitor of the M1 family of aminopeptidases, in particular PuSA, and …
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Tovetumab has been used in trials studying the treatment of Cancer, Glioblastoma Multiforme, and Advanced Solid Malignancies.
4-Amino-5-cyano-7-(D-ribofuranosyl)-7H- pyrrolo(2,3-d)pyrimidine. Antibiotic antimetabolite isolated from Streptomyces toyocaensis cultures. It is an analog of adenosine, blocks RNA synthesis and ribosome function, and is used mainly as a tool in biochemistry.
Tozadenant has been investigated for the basic science of Cocaine Dependence.
The Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine (also known as BNT162b2, Tozinameran, and Comirnaty), is one of four advanced mRNA-based vaccines developed through "Project Lightspeed," a joint program between Pfizer and BioNTech.[L15002,L15007,L36025] Comirnaty is a nu…
TP-252 consists of magnesium L-lysinate bis-eicosapentaenoate, an ionizable salt of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), currently being investigated to treat familial adenomatous polyposis.[A259956]
TPIV 200 is a vaccine consisting of proteins from the folate receptor alpha mixed with Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF).
TPMPA ((1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine-4-yl)methylphosphinic acid) is a selective antagonist of GABA<sub>C</sub> receptors (also known as GABA-? or GABA<sub>A-?</sub> receptors).[A245303] GABA<sub>C</sub> receptors are found primarily in the retina, although they…
Trabectedin, also referred as ET-743 during its development, is a marine-derived antitumor agent discovered in the Carribean tunicate _Ecteinascidia turbinata_ and now produced synthetically. Trabectedin has a unique mechanism of action. It binds to the minor…
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an inflammatory skin disorder that causes skin inflammation, skin barrier dysfunction, and chronic pruritus.[A242432] It is estimated to affect up to 20% of adults and children worldwide, and is frequently associated with other atopi…
Tramadol is a centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic and SNRI (serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake-inhibitor) that is structurally related to [codeine] and [morphine]. Due to its good tolerability profile and multimodal mechanism of action, tramadol is gen…
Trandolapril is a non-sulhydryl prodrug that belongs to the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor class of medications. It is metabolized to its biologically active diacid form, trandolaprilat, in the liver. Trandolaprilat inhibits ACE, the enzyme res…
The active metabolite of the prodrug [Trandolapril].
Tranexamic acid is a synthetic derivative of [lysine] used as an antifibrinolytic in the treatment and prevention of major bleeding. It possesses a similar mechanism of action to [aminocaproic acid] but is approximately 10-fold more potent.[L31883] It was …
Tranilast is an antiallergic drug developed by Kissei Pharmaceuticals. In 1982, it was approved in Japan and South Korea for the management of bronchial asthma. Indications for keloid and hypertrophic scar were added in 1993. It has been used for the treatmen…
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Vitamin A-analog that increases diffusivity of oxygen in aqueous solutions, including plasma.
A propylamine formed from the cyclization of the side chain of amphetamine. This monoamine oxidase inhibitor is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in panic and phobic disorders (From …
Produced in CHO cell cultures, trastuzumab is a recombinant IgG1 kappa, humanized monoclonal antibody [A40276] that selectively binds with high affinity in a cell-based assay (Kd = 5 nM) to the extracellular domain of the human epidermal growth factor recepto…
Trastuzumab duocarmazine is under investigation in clinical trial NCT03262935 (SYD985 vs. Physician's Choice in Participants With Her2-positive Locally Advanced or Metastatic Breast Cancer).
Trastuzumab emtansine, formerly called Trastuzumab-DM1 (T-DM1) is a first-in-class HER2 antibody drug conjugate (ADC) comprised of Genentech's trastuzumab antibody linked to ImmunoGen's cell-killing agent, DM1. T-DM1 combines two strategies-- anti-HER2 activi…
Travoprost is a synthetic isopropyl ester prodrug of a prostaglandin F2alpha (F2?) analogue and selective FP prostanoid receptor agonist. It is used to decrease intraocular pressure in open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.[L49434] Unlike other prostagl…
Trazodone is triazolopyridine derivative from the serotonin receptor antagonists and reuptake inhibitors (SARIs) class of antidepressants.[A181180] It is used in adults and has been shown to be comparable in efficacy to other drugs such as tricyclic antidepre…
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